Nutrient Consumption

Reproductive Consequence

• Excessive Energy Intake

• Low conception, abortion, dystocia, retained placentae, reduced libido

• Inadequate Energy Intake

• Delayed puberty, suppressed estrus and ovulation, suppressed libido and spermatozoa production

• Excessive protein intake

• Low conception rate

• Inadequate protein intake

• Suppressed estrus, low conception, fetal resorption, premature parturition, weak offspring

• Vitamin A deficiency

• Impaired spermatogenesis, anestrus, low conception, abortion, weak offspring, retained placentae

• Phosphorus deficiency

• Anestrus, irregular estrus

• Selenium deficiency

• Retained placenta

• Copper deficiency

• Depressed reproduction, impaired immune system, impaired ovarian function

• Zinc deficiency

• Reduced spermatogenesis